THE JEWS https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/introduction-cultures-religions-apah/judaism-apah/a/jewish-historyto-the-middle-ages Check the website above and answer the questions - What is the Diaspora? Although there is no archaeological evidence for it, the Hebrew Bible describes a Temple in Jerusalem erected by King Solomon, probably sometime during the tenth century B.C.E. The Bible also describes the Temple’s destruction at the hand of the Babylonians 500 years later. Since the fall of the first Temple, Jews scattered throughout the Levant and Mesopotamia, creating competing cultures. Rabbinical scholars realized then that it would be necessary to write down oral interpretations—and they set the blueprint for future generations who would debate and reinterpret Jewish laws. The best-known rabbinical scholar was Hillel (70 B.C.E. to 10 C.E.). Hillel developed methods for interpreting the Hebrew Bible that were flexible. Since its inception, Judaism has been subject to community ritual interpretation and context. A new Temple was constructed a century after the first was destroyed when some Jews returned to the Land of Israel. In 70 C.E., at the Roman siege of Jerusalem, Jews dispersed throughout northern Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean. This widespread dispersion of Jews outside of the Land of Israel is called the Diaspora. - Who are Askhenazim Jews? And Shepardim jews? Ashkenazi or Ashkenazi, 8 also written as Ashkenazi or Ashkenazi, is the name given to the Jews who settled in Central and Eastern Europe. They settled mainly in Germany, Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Moldova, Russia, Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia. Ashkenazis are the descendants of medieval Jewish communities established along the Rhine, from Alsace in the south to the Rhineland in the north.9 Ashkenaz, a medieval Hebrew term commonly used for Germany, is also the name given in This language to the entire region of central and eastern Europe, while Ashkenazi is a term that designates in a general way the Jewish population that descends from the aforementioned Jews who settled in central and eastern Europe.10 They developed customs and laws individuals, which differentiate them from other groups of the Jewish people (Sephardic and Mizrahi, for example). The Ashkenazis developed their own language, Yiddish, which combines terms from various German dialects along with some of Slavic and Hebrew origin. Sephardi Jews, also known as Sephardic Jews, Sephardim, or Hispanic Jews by modern scholars, are a Jewish ethnic division originating from traditionally established communities in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal). The term "Sephardim" sometimes refers to Eastern Jewish communities of the Middle East and North Africa. Although they have no ancestry back to the Jewish communities of Iberia, the vast majority of them adopted a Sephardic style of liturgy and Sephardic law and customs from the influence of the Iberian Jewish exiles over the course of the last few centuries. This article deals with Sephardim within the narrower ethnic definition. - When did persecution of Jews begin? - The Jewish Encyclopaedia refers to the persecution of Jews and the paganisation of Jerusalem during the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117-138 AD): - What happened to the Jews that lived in Spain during the 14th and 15th centuries? - At the request of the Catholic preacher Ferrer, in January 1412 a law composed of twenty-four clauses was promulgated, drawn up by Pablo de Burgos, né Solomon haLevi, on behalf of the child-king Juan II of Castile. ] - - The object of this law was to reduce the Jews to poverty and to humiliate them even more. They were ordered to live alone, in closed Jewish quarters, and had to repair, within eight days of the publication of the order, the premises assigned under penalty of loss of property. They were forbidden to practice medicine, surgery or chemistry (pharmacy) and to trade in bread, wine, flour, meat, etc. They could not engage in crafts or trades of any kind, or hold public office, or act as money brokers or agents. They were not allowed to hire Catholic servants, laborers, lamplighters, or gravediggers; neither could they eat, drink or bathe with Catholics, nor could they have intimate conversations (have sexual relations) with them, nor could they visit them or give them gifts. Catholic women, married or single, were prohibited from entering the Jewish Quarter both during the day and at night. Jews were not allowed any jurisdiction of their own, nor could they, without royal permission, collect taxes for communal purposes; they may not assume the title of "Don," carry arms, or cut their beards or hair. Jewish women were required to wear long, smooth robes of coarse material that reached down to the feet; and it was strictly forbidden for the Jews to wear garments of better material. Under pain of loss of property and even slavery, they were forbidden to leave the country, and any nobleman or knight who protected or welcomed a fugitive Jew was punished with a fine of 150,000 maravedis for the first offense. These laws, which were rigidly enforced, and any violation of them was punishable by a fine of 300-2000 maravedis and flogging, were calculated to force Jews to embrace Catholicism. [Citation required] Find in Google the meaning of the following terms SYNAGOGUE: Synagogue is the name of the place of worship of Judaism. By designated extension, also to Judaism as a whole; in the same way that "Church" represents Christianity TORAH: Torah is the text that contains the law and the identity heritage of the Jewish people; It is called the Pentateuch in Christianity, and constitutes the basis and foundation of Judaism. The term comes from the Hebrew root PROGROM: Pogromo es una palabra de origen ruso que significa “causar estragos, demoler violentamente”. Históricamente, el término se refiere a ataques violentos por parte de poblaciones no judías contra los judíos en el Imperio Ruso y en otros países. Se cree que el primer incidente que se registra como un pogromo es un disturbio antisemita en Odesa en 1821. Como un término descriptivo, pogromo comenzó a emplearse con un uso extensivo para referirse a los disturbios antisemitas que arrasaron Ucrania y el sur de Rusia entre 1881 y 1884, tras el asesinato del zar Alejandro II. En Alemania y Europa oriental, durante la época del Holocausto, como en la Rusia zarista, el resentimiento económico, social y político contra los judíos reforzó el tradicional antisemitismo religioso. Esto sirvió de pretexto para los pogromos. IMPORTANT JEWS IN THE MIDDLE AGES Find information about these relevant people of the Middle Ages. MOSHE BEN MAIMÓN: Moisés ben Maimón, más conocido como Maimónides, fue un judío sefardí considerado uno de los mayores estudiosos de la Torá en época medieval. Conocido en el judaísmo, y por tanto en hebreo, por el acrónimo Rambam, ejerció de médico, filósofo, astrónomo y rabino en al-Ándalus, Marruecos y Egipto SALOMÓN BEN GABIROL: Salomón ibn Gabirol, transliterado Šelomoh ben Yehudah ibn Gabirol, Sulaymān ibn Yaḥyà ibn Ŷabīrūl o Avicebrón, como era conocido por los latinos, fue un filósofo y poeta hispanojudío andalusí. BENJAMÍN DE TUDELA: Benjamín de Tudela fue un viajero y escritor medieval judío de Navarra Look at this video https://viajes.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/juderias-mas-bonitas-espana_12949 Choose three of the Juderías and write information about them JUDERÍA DE SAGUNTO La costa valenciana de Sagunto es famosa por su ambiente veraniego, pero algo más al interior está en núcleo antiguo de la ciudad, un museo al aire libre que concentra más de 2.000 millones de años de historia, desde la época de los romanos. Precisamente ya en la Sagunto romana había presencia judía, tal como demuestran dos láminas de plomo en las que se lee el nombre de Dios –Iao– en caracteres hebreos. Fueron encontradas en el castillo y serían la prueba más antigua de la existencia de una comunidad judía en España. La icónica Puerta de la Sangre (popularmente, Portalet de la Judería) es la entrada al antiguo barrio judío. Vale la pena pasear por este bello escenario de callejuelas, plazoletas, casas encaladas y ventanas ojivales. El edificio más importante es la casa de la aljama, también conocida como Casa de los Berenguer. Durante parte de la Edad Media esta fue la residencia del clavario de la aljama, el responsable económico de la comunidad. Junto a ella estaba la sinagoga, hoy desaparecida. JUDERÍA DE CÓRDOBA En la Córdoba del siglo X, la cultura judaica vivió su Edad de Oro en la Península. Además de ser la cuna del reconocido médico y filósofo judío Maimónides, la judería cordobesa tiene su origen en tiempos del Imperio romano, aunque su momento de mayor esplendor tuvo lugar durante la dominación musulmana. Tras la conquista cristiana de la ciudad los judío se establecieron cerca del Alcázar. La calles estrechas y los patios interiores son dos elementos característicos del barrio en el que también se pueden visitar la Casa de Sefarad, la Casa del Judío, una sinagoga, la calle de los Judíos o el cementerio. Un conjunto que reconstruye a la perfección la vida y la historia de la comunidad judía en Córdoba. JUDERÍA AMURALLADA DE CÁCERES La presencia judía en la ciudad extremeña se remonta a la dominación musulmana, allá por el siglo XIII. El barrio de la judería se encuentra dentro de las murallas del centro histórico, declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad, junto a la Plaza Mayor. La antigua sinagoga mayor es hoy la actual ermita de San Antonio, y el barrio del mismo nombre constituía la antigua aljama, caracterizada por las fuertes pendientes de sus estrechas calles.